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The approximation, (∂K' s /∂T) P=0  ≃ 0, where K' s = (∂Ks/∂P) S , K S  is the adiabatic bulk modulus, and P, T, and S represent pressure, temperature, and entropy, is often used, or implicitly assumed, to simplify the interpretation of lower mantle properties when determining plausible mineralogy of that region. This approximation is now found to be unsatisfactory, and a more general treatment gives a positive value which increases strongly with K's. We find that (∂K' s /∂T) P=0  is (6 to 23) × 10 -5 K -1  for the lower mantle. The behavior of this higher order derivative necessitates a reconsideration of the lower mantle equation-of-state fitting by requiring a higher value of K' S0  (K' S  at P = 0) than usually considered. The value of K' S0 (T 0 ) where T 0  is the potential temperature, cannot reasonably be less than about 4.2 and may be as high as 4.6, depending on the uncertain value of K' S0  (290 K) for silicate perovskite. There is some trade-off between T 0  and composition, but if a simple mixture of perovskite and magnesiowüstite is assumed, the total iron content is found to be Fe/(Fe + Mg) = 0.22, independent of both T 0  and uncertainty in K' S0  for perovskite. This implausibly high iron content can be attributed to neglect of the presence of Ca perovskite. We therefore conclude that Ca perovskite is an important constituent of the lower mantle and that it is seismologically conspicuous

Extrapolation of lower mantle properties to zero pressure: Constraints on composition and temperature