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Apatites provide a mechanism for in-situ remediation of Pb-contaminated sites, by supplying phosphate which combines with dissolved Pb to form highly insoluble pyromorphite. This study expanded upon previous research using hydroxylapatite (HAP), to focus on how the surface properties of natural chlorapatite (CAP) and fluorapatite (FAP) affect pyromorphite nucleation and growth, when aqueous Pb 2+  ([Pb] &lt; 50 mg/L as PbCl 2 ) is reacted with apatite at pH = 4.2, 22 °C. A combination of atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), optical microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (EDS), infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used for in-situ and ex-situ examination of the interface and the reaction products.

Uptake of aqueous Pb by Cl - , F – , and OH – apatites: Mineralogic evidence for nucleation mechanisms