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Effects of ethanol, caffeine and nicotine, pleasurable substances, on wheel-running and drinking in mice that were housed under a 12 : 12-hr light-dark schedule (lighting period ; 6 : 00-18 : 00) were investigated. All drug administrations were carried out at 11: 00, a mid-light period. Although ethanol (0.8-2.4 g/kg p.o.) scarcely changed both the wheel-running and drinking during the light period, it was followed by a strong suppression of both behaviors during the coming dark period (18 : 00-6 : 00). The same treatment with caffeine (1-10 mg/kg s.c.) produced significant increase in the drinking during the light period, but suppression of the wheel-running during the dark period. Nicotine (0.1-1 mg/kg s.c.) significantly suppressed the wheel-running, but not drinking, during the dark period. The coadministration of nicotine (0.1-1 mg/kg) with ethanol (2.4 g/kg) reduced the behavioral suppression during the dark period. Whereas nicotine (0.1-1 mg/kg) reduced the increased drinking during light period by caffeine (10 mg/kg), but enhanced the caffeine-induced behavioral suppression during the dark period. These results indicate that the administration of pleasurable substances in the mid-light period results in a delayed effect which is characterized by a suppression of either and/or both wheel-running and drinking during the coming dark period starting 7 hr after the administration, and that nicotine acts to antagonize the effect of ethanol, but contrally to enhance the effect of caffeine.

Delayed effects of ethanol, caffeine and nicotine assessed by wheel-running and drinking in mice.