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Anxiety is a complex psychological state which happens after stressful life experiences. Many factors such as daily life events, neurotransmitter systems, and different brain areas could influence anxiety behavior in humans and animals. For example, opioids and androgens decrease anxiety behavior both in humans and animals. Furthermore, removing the testes (gonadectomy) causes higher levels of anxiety‑like behaviors, in which the administration of testosterone and opioid antagonist can reverse some of these behaviors. We review the effects of morphine and androgens on the modulation of anxiety behavior in gonadectomized animals. We begin by highlighting the effects of opioid drugs and androgens on the modulation of anxiety behavior that have been implicated in anxiety behavior. We then discuss the functional consequences of gonadectomy on anxiety behavior. Finally, we consider how the opioids and androgens may contribute to adaptive responses associated with anxiety.

Modulation of anxiety behavior in gonadectomized animals