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Groundwater plays an important role in supporting human livelihood and ecological balance. Its quality is, however, threatened by numerous anthropogenic activities. The sources of groundwater contamination are as numerous and diverse as human activities (Zaporezec , 2002). In many parts of the world, groundwater quality has deteriorated and seems unf it for human consumption without prior treatment (Yidana ., 2010; Yerima ., 2008; Raja & Venkatesan, 2010; Mohammed et al., 2008; Galadima ., 2011; Foster & Chilton, 2003; Foster , 2002; Asadi , 2007; Berg ., 2001; Castillejos, 2010; Singh ., 2010). The impacts of many human activities on groundwater resources and on the broader environment, therefore, need to be clearly understood in order to manage properly the system (Glasser ., 2007). Typical contaminants concern are the different components of hydrocarbons which are indeed the principal constituents of petroleum and natural gas. Hydrocarbons are the simplest organic compounds composing only hydrogen and carbon. They can be straight chain, branched chain or cyclic molecules. They can be classif ied as either aliphatic or aromatics. Aliphatic is derived from chemical degradation of fats or oils, whereas aromatic is derived from degradation of certain pleasantet al et al et al et al. et al. et al et al et al smelling plant extracts. Aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons are likely the most frequent contaminants in the environment. They are part of different distillation products such as crude oils, gasoline, kerosene, diesel, heavy oils, or asphalts, and are used in a wide range of applicationssuchas fuel or lubrication (Kralik ., 2004). One of the main sources of hydrocarbon contamination of groundwater includes production and ref ining of crude petroleum and leaking of underground storage tanks (USTs) from the petrol stations. Most components of hydrocarbons are hazardous to both human life and the environment, some are either known or suspected human carcinogens (benzene), some have an adverse impact on the nervous system (toluene), while some are known to cause cardiovascular damage (ethylbenzene), they are thus, subject tostrictestregulation. When hydrocarbon compounds are released, they undergo physical, chemical and biological changes (Williams ., 2006). Their degradations depend on the physical and chemical propertiesof the hydrocarbon. Once hydrocarbon enters into the soil, it migrates downward through the unsaturated zone under the influence of gravity (Abriola & Pinder, 1985). Hydrocarbon may occur in soil in four different phases, dissolved in water, sorbed on solid particles, comprising the soil gas and due to their et al et al Kaduna ref inery is the third petroleum ref inery in Nigeria which consists of the fuels, lubricants and petrochemical plants. An investigation was carried out on groundwater around the ref inery to ascertain the presence of hydrocarbon contaminants. Twenty-six groundwater samples were collected in the dry and rainy seasons and analyzed for identif ication of aromatic compounds followed by the analysis of f ive selected samples for the individual compounds of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) determination. Only one sample out of the twenty-six indicated the presence of aromatic hydrocarbons. The sample was selected with four others for the GC-MS analysis. None of the samples conf irmed the presence of BTEX in groundwater of the area. Benzene derivative compounds were however, found in one sample. Installation of properly designed monitoring wells around the ref inery was recommended for continuous groundwatermonitoring Ambient Science, 2019: Vol. 06(1); 42-49 DOI:10.21276/ambi.2019.06.1.aa01

Cogitation on Hydrocarbon Contaminants in Shallow Groundwater around Kaduna Refining and Petrochemical Company, Nigeria