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‘‘What is an emotion?’’ William James’s seminal paper in Mind (1884) proposed the idea that physiological and behavioral responses precede subjective experience in emotions that are marked by ‘‘distinct bodily expression.’’ This notion has broadly inspired the investigation of emotion-specific autonomic nervous system activity, a research topic which had great longevity. The route of this literature is traced through its major theoretical challenges from the Cannon–Bard, activation, and Schachter– Singer theories, through its rich empirical history in the field of psychophysiology. Although these studies are marked by various findings, the overall trend of the research supports the notion of autonomic specificity for basic emotions. The construct of autonomic specificity continues to influence a number of core theoretical issues in affective science, such as the existence of basic or ‘natural kinds’ of emotion, the structure of affective space, the cognition–emotion relationship, and the function of emotion. Moreover, James’s classic paper, which stimulated the emergence of psychology from philosophy and physiology in the latter nineteenth century, remains a dynamic force in contemporary

Autonomic Specificity for Basic Emotions: A Review of the Implication of James-Lange theory of Emotion for the Autonomic Specificity Model of Emotion