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Small molecules, including H 2 O 2  and Ca, mediate stress signaling and drought tolerance in plants. The objective of this study was to determine whether improvement in drought tolerance by H 2 O 2  and Ca were associated with the regulation of transcription factors and stress-protective genes in perennial grass species. Plants of creeping bentgrass ( Agrostis stolonifera ) were sprayed with water (control), H 2 O 2  (9 m m ), or CaCl 2  (10 m m ) and exposed to drought stress for 20 days in controlled-environment growth chambers. Foliar application of H 2 O 2  or Ca led to significant improvement in drought tolerance of creeping bentgrass, as demonstrated by greater turf quality, leaf relative water content, chlorophyll content, photochemical efficiency, and cell membrane stability, as compared with the untreated control. The application of H 2 O 2  and Ca resulted in significant up-regulation of genes in Ca signaling transduction pathways [ Ca-dependent kinase 26  ( CDPK26 ),  mitogen-activated protein kinase 1  ( MAPK1 ), and  14-3-3 ] and transcript factors ( WRKY75  and  MYB13 ). For genes encoding antioxidant enzymes, H 2 O 2  mainly enhanced  superoxide dismutase  ( SOD ),  catalase  ( CAT ),  glutathione reductase  ( GR ), and  dehydroascorbate reductase  ( DHAR ) expression, while Ca primarily improved transcript levels of  SOD ,  monodehydroascorbate reductase  ( MDHAR ), and  GR . In addition,  heat shock protein 70  ( HSP70 ),  metallothionein 1  ( MT1 ), and  glutamine synthetase 2  ( GS2 ) were also markedly up-regulated by H 2 O 2  and Ca under drought stress. However, the transcript level of  lipoxygenase 3  ( LOX3 ) was significantly down-regulated by H 2 O 2  and Ca under well-watered and drought conditions. These results imply that H 2 O 2  and Ca commonly or differentially regulate genes expression in association with drought tolerance through activating Ca signaling pathway and regulating transcription factors and stress-protective genes expression, leading to the alleviation of lipid peroxidation, maintenance of correct protein folding and translocation, and enhancement of nitrogen metabolism under a prolonged period of drought stress in creeping bentgrass.

journal of the american society for horticultural science

Transcriptional Regulation of Hydrogen Peroxide and Calcium for Signaling Transduction and Stress-defensive Genes Contributing to Improved Drought Tolerance in Creeping Bentgrass