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Anthocyanins are major pigments responsible for the color of lily ( Lilium  sp.) flowers. Anthocyanin synthesis is part of the flavonoid metabolic pathway. Numerous transcription factors, including R2R3-MYBs, basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH), and tryptophan–aspartic acid repeat (also known as WD40 or WD repeat) proteins, known to regulate flavonoid biosynthesis have been identified in various plant species. However, there is limited information available on WD repeat proteins in lilies. In this study, we identified a WD repeat gene in the Oriental hybrid lily ‘Sorbonne’ ( Lilium  hybrid WD repeat,  LhWDR ).  LhWDR  contains no introns, and has a 1100–base pair open reading frame, encoding a putative protein of 370 amino acids. LhWDR was found to be localized in the cytoplasm of transgenic  Arabidopsis thaliana  root cells. Expression patterns of  LhWDR  in different organs and at different periods of lily tepal growth revealed that the expression levels of this gene are closely associated with anthocyanin accumulation. A yeast two-hybrid assay demonstrated that full-length LhWDR interacts with the 420 N-terminal amino acids of  Lilium  hybrid bHLH2. Interestingly, overexpression of  LhWDR  in  A. thaliana  led to an upregulation of the  dihydroflavonol 4-reductase  gene, which is an important structural gene downstream of the anthocyanin pathway. These results indicate that the WD repeat protein LhWDR might interact with a bHLH transcription factor to regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis.

journal of the american society for horticultural science

Cloning and Characterization of a Tryptophan–Aspartic Acid Repeat Gene Associated with the Regulation of Anthocyanin Biosynthesis in Oriental Hybrid Lily