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Phosphorus (P) is an essential nutrient element that is necessary for plant growth and development. However, most of the P exists in insoluble form.  Aspergillus aculeatus  has been reported to be able to solubilize insoluble forms of P. Here, to investigate the P-solubilizing effect of  A. aculeatus  on the performance of perennial ryegrass ( Lolium perenne ) under P-deficiency stress, we created four treatment groups: control [i.e., no Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2  or  A. aculeatus ],  A. aculeatus  only (F), Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2  and Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2  +  A. aculeatus  [Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2  + F] treatment, and Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2  at concentrations of 0 and 3 g per pot (0.5 kg substrate per pot). In our results, the liquid medium inoculated with  A. aculeatus  exhibited enhanced soluble P and organic acid content (tartaric acid, citric acid, and aminoacetic acid) accompanied with lower pH, compared with the noninoculated regimen. Furthermore,  A. aculeatus  also played a primary role in increasing the soluble P content of substrate (1 sawdust: 3 sand), the growth rate, turf quality, and photosynthetic capacity of the plant exposed to Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2  + F treatment, compared with other groups. Finally, in perennial ryegrass leaves, there was a dramatic increase in the valine, serine, tyrosine, and proline contents, and a remarkable decline in the glutamic acid, succinic acid, citric acid, and fumaric acid contents in the Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2  + F regimen, compared with other groups. Overall, our results suggested that  A. aculeatus  may play a crucial role in the process of solubilizing Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2  and modulating perennial ryegrass growth under P-deficiency stress.

Inoculation with Aspergillus aculeatus Alters the Performance of Perennial Ryegrass under Phosphorus Deficiency