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Interest in the potential of sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas) for the production of industrial products is increasing. As part of an effort to evaluate the potential of sweetpotatoes for starch and anthocyanin production in the southeastern United States, a 5 · 5 North Carolina mating design II (NCII mating design) was developed to estimate the relative importance of general and specific combining abilities for dry matter (DM) content, total monomeric anthocyanin (TMA) concentration, fresh yield, and total DM and anthocyanin yields. All five traits had significant general combining abilities (GCA). Yield and DM yield had significant specific combining abilities. Significant differences among parents were observed for all traits. Yield, DM content, DM yield, and TMA yield were significantly impacted by spatial gradients within the field, but TMA concentration was not. Many trait-pairs of interest had either genotypic and/or phenotypic correlations. Phenotypic and family mean correlations among yield, DM content, and DM yield; as well as among yield, TMA, and TMA yield suggested that improving one trait will not negatively impact other traits of importance. Increasing demand for bioproducts and rising interest in the development of alternative crops to promote farm diversification have stimulated research on alternative feedstocks for production of starches, sugars, and other natural plant-derived products (Harwood et al., 1999; Henry, 2010). Sweetpotatoes with higher starch content may allow farmers to produce sweetpotatoes for industrial starch production, which can be used directly in the food and paper industries or to produce a number of biobased chemicals including biofuels and plastic precursor molecules (Ellis et al., 1998; Werpy and Petersen, 2004), thus opening new markets. Sweetpotatoes may also have potential as a source of anthocyanins for use as a natural food colorant and functional food ingredients because of their recognized antioxidant and anticancer properties (Philpott et al., 2004; Teow et al., 2007). In some regions of the world, purple-fleshed sweetpotatoes are commonly consumed in a variety of forms (e.g., boiled, baked, and mashed), while in others, notably Japan and China, purplefleshed cultivars are also used as a source of industrial anthocyanins (Suda et al., 2003). Interest in sweetpotato anthocyanins for industrial food colorants and antioxidant additives is rising as demands for natural products and health foods increase (Shahidi, 2000). Purple-fleshed sweetpotatoes have significant untapped potential as a source of cyanidin and peonidin (Odake et al., 1992). The anthocyanins from purple-fleshed sweetpotatoes have shown significant antioxidant activity, which is associated with anticancer and other health promoting properties (Teow et al., 2007). To develop this potential market in the United States, we are developing purple-fleshed cultivars adapted to local growing conditions. Since few purple-fleshed cultivars have been introduced to the United States, purplefleshed lines have been crossed with a broad range of germplasm (orange, white, and purple clones) with offspring being selected for adaptation to the southeastern United States and high concentrations of anthocyanins. As part of this breeding effort, the inheritance of TMA concentration in the populations was studied. Sweetpotatoes may be suitable as an industrial bioproduct feedstock because they can be grown onmarginal soils with lower inputs of fertilizer and pesticides than other crops, thus reducing competition with food and feed crops and reducing the need for chemical inputs that require fossil fuels in their production (Woolfe, 1992). Increased farm diversity reduces risk over specialized farms because at times when one commodity has Received for publication 28 Jan. 2015. Accepted for publication 14 Apr. 2015. This article is adapted from the North Carolina State University PhD dissertation by StevenM. Todd.We thank Roger Thompson, USDA-ARSFood Science Unit, Raleigh, NC for technical work, and the field personnel at the North Carolina Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Horticultural Crops Research Station, Clinton, NC, for assistance with planting, tending, and harvesting plots. Mention of trade names or commercial products in this publication is solely for the purpose of providing specific information and does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the USDA. USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. Current address: USDA-ARS Soybean and Nitrogen Fixation Unit 3127 Ligon St, Raleigh, NC 27607-5376 Corresponding author. E-mail: craig_yencho@ncsu.edu. 272 J. AMER. SOC. HORT. SCI. 140(3):272–279. 2015. lower prices, another may have higher prices. However, a grower’s decision to diversify is impacted by additional factors including management knowledge, required capital investments, and availability of suitable crops and/or livestock (Harwood et al., 1999). Development of regionally adapted, high-starch and/or purplefleshed sweetpotato may allow development of new sweetpotatobased industries in North Carolina and the southeastern United States. In response to the rising needs for feedstocks and crop diversification, intensive breeding efforts to increase biomass and anthocyanin production from sweetpotato have begun. To date, most sweetpotato breeding efforts in the United States have focused on development of orange-fleshed, low dry-matter, tablestock cultivars. As a result, little information is available for critical bioproduct production traits such as DM, starch content, total fresh yield, and anthocyanin levels. To further understand the genetic basis of these important traits for bioproduct production, an NCII mating design (i.e., a factorial crossing block in which a set of females is crossed in all possible combinations to an independent set of males) (Comstock and Robinson, 1948) experiment was undertaken to identify combining abilities and genetic variances underlying these traits. This paper describes an NCII breeding experiment to identify combining abilities of potential sweetpotato parents for DM and anthocyanin production. These two components may allow development of new sweetpotato processing industries in the southeastern United States. DM content is closely correlated with starch content (Hall and Smittle, 1983), and the relative ease of measuring DM content has allowed breeders to use it as an estimate of relative starch content. While many purple-fleshed cultivars have low anthocyanin concentrations and/or are unadapted to North Carolina, breeding efforts are showing that adapted cultivars with high anthocyanin concentrations can be developed. Materials and Methods CROSSING BLOCK DEVELOPMENT. In 2003, a diallel mating design was carried out to test compatibility of sweetpotato lines to aid in selection of parents for further study. Parents were selected to represent clones with high DM content and purple flesh that could be used in a breeding program to increase the DM content, starch, and anthocyanin yield. Twenty-two parents were crossed in all possible combinations to determine compatibility. From this crossing block, five female and five male parents were found to be compatible in all needed combinations and used to develop the NCII mating block described in this paper (Table 1). FIELD TRIALS. Twenty-five offspring of each full-sib family were evaluated in the field at the Horticultural Crops Research Station in Clinton, NC during the 2004 growing season. Each seed was planted and sprouted in the greenhouse in 6 · 12 cell seedling trays and the seedlings were transplanted to the field on 23 June 2004. Vine cuttings were taken to obtain five plants of each individual genotype, which were then transplanted into the field on 29 June 2004 in a modified randomized complete block experimental design (RCBD)with five plants per plot. The plants were spaced 30 cm in the row and rows were on 1.06-m centers. Inorganic fertilizer (N–P–K) was applied per North Carolina sweetpotato crop production recommendations (Wilson et al., 1989). The trial was cultivated twice and irrigation was applied once as needed. For the modified RCBD, the five blocks (i.e., a field section 14-rows wide by 15.2-m long, with blocks arranged from front to back of the field) in the experiment consisted of a randomly selected subset of five offspring from each full-sib family. Therefore, the 25 siblings were planted out as five clonal plants per plot, with the first five siblings in block one, siblings 6–10 in block two, siblings 11–15 in block three, and so forth. The crop was harvested on 1 Nov. 2004, 125 d after planting. DATA COLLECTION. Sweetpotatoes were harvested with a one-row chain digger and weighed in the field to determine total fresh yield. Samples were collected and brought to the laboratory to determine their DM content and TMA content. A subset of three to five sweetpotatoes were selected at random from each plot and peeled to obtain samples between 125 and 250 g, which were processed in a food processor and lyophilized to remove moisture and then weighed to determine dry weights. DM was calculated as grams freeze-dried weight/100 grams fresh weight (FW). TMA, expressed as milligrams cyanidine-3-glucoside per 100 g FW, was determined as Table 1. Description of five female and five male sweetpotato parents crossed in a factorial crossing block to estimate combining abilities for yield, anthocyanins, and dry matter related traits. Dry matter (g dry matter/100 g fresh matter) Flesh color Origin Female ‘NC1650-8N’ 22 Cream with purple United States ‘NCDM01-192’ 30 Cream with purple United States ‘L96-117’ 19 Orange United States ‘Okinawa’ 29 Purple with cream Japan ‘Xushu 18’ 26 Cream China

Combining Ability of Sweetpotato Germplasm for Yield, Dry Matter Content, and Anthocyanin Production