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The goal of this study was to document the relationship between fruit growth patterns and flushing number in litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn. cv. 73-S-20). The impact of flush number on fruit retention, fruit quality, and leaf efficiency (g fruit FW produced per unit of leaf area at harvest) was assessed in field-grown 6-year-old trees by adjusting the number of flushes per bearing shoot through girdling at two fruit developmental stages. The cumulative fruit growth was sigmoidal. The greatest fruit relative growth rate (RGR) occurred during 3 to 5 weeks after full bloom (AFB), peaking on week 3 at 0.39 gg -1 dry weight (DW) per day. The greatest fruit absolute growth rate (AGR) occurred during weeks 8 to 11, peaking on week 11 at 0.16 gd -1 DW. Fruit retention was sensitive to girdling applied during week 3. Most fruit dropped on branches with # two flushes, whereas fruit continued to develop on branches with three flushes and on the controls. There was a gradual loss of fruit when the girdling was applied during week 8. Thenumberoffruit retainedonbrancheswithtwoandthreeflusheswassimilar tothecontrols.Atharvest,regardless of the time of branch girdling, fruit yield and quality increased with increasing number of flushes; shoots with three flushes were similar to ungirdled controls. Leaf efficiency on branches girdled during week 3 was inferior to that girdled during week 8. All treatments had similar leaf efficiency when branches were girdled during week 8. On the other hand, girdling treatment applied during week 3 resulted in variable leaf efficiency among treatment, indicating that fruit were utilizing reserves in bearing shoots. We concluded that bearing shoots of '73-S-20' litchi trees require a minimum number of three flushes for adequate fruit production. Poor fruit set in litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) generally is caused by a failure of pollination and fertilization, a shortage of carbohydrates from overcast weather, or competition between fruit and vegetative growth (Galan-Sauco and Menini, 1989; Menzel, 1984; Mustard et al., 1953; Yuan and Huang, 1993). The relationship between fruit growth and source/sink strength has been demonstrated by trunk girdling and fruit thinning experiments in peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) (Pavel and DeJong, 1993), grape (Vitis vinifera L.) (Kingston and van Epenhuijsen, 1989), and grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) (Bustan et al., 1996). However, little information is available on litchi. Carbohydrate accumulation, which may derive from tree reserves, canopy photosynthesis, or photosynthesis by the fruit (Blanke and Lenz, 1989; Hieke et al., 2002a), is essential for fruit development. After girdling and defoliation in 'H1224' litchi trees, Yuan and Huang (1988) observed that initial fruit set increased with increasing leaf area. By girdling and removing different numbers of fruit and leaves from branches, Roe et al. (1997) reported that developing fruit of 'Tai So' depended primarily on current CO2 assimilation from leaves rather than on stored carbohydrates. Applying treatments that consisted of defoliating whole trees or branches, and fruit thinning, Hieke et al. (2002b) further indicated that most of the photosynthates sustaining fruit growth in 'Kwai May Pink' came from current assimilations in the leaf next to the inflorescence. Through investigating the effects of leaf age and location on gas exchange in '73-S-20' litchi, Chang and Lin (2007) also reported that leaf photosynthesis on younger flushes and adjacent to fruit was greater than that on shaded older flushes. These experiments have provided preliminary evidence of the importance of mature leaves adjacent to fruit clusters

Fruit Yield and Quality as Related to Flushes of Bearing Shoots in Litchi