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Somatic embryos that are produced in cell and tissue culture conditions do not form endosperm and testa around the embryo. For many envisioned applications, delicate embryos need to be covered with an artificial endosperm-testa matrix that allows for respiration, contains nutrients and protectants, and is hard enough but allows the vague embryo to germinate and grow into a plant. A number of industrially produced and commonly available compounds were tested to determine their efficacy in supporting the germination of encapsulated somatic embryos of carrot ( Daucus carota  L.). Most of the combinations of galactomannans and polysaccharides were at least as effective as calcium alginate alone in germinating the embryos. The disappearance of blue color in Lugol staining around embryos indicates that starch might also provide nourishment to embryos, thus serving as an artificial endosperm and a supportive matrix.

Using Polysaccharides and Galactomannans as Gelling Agents in Capsule Formation of Artificial Seeds