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Dormant 'Georgia Belle' peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch.) trees were sprayed in early February 1992 with single applications of 0%, 2.5%, 5.0%, 10.0%, or 20.0% (v/v) crude soybean oil. 'Redhaven' trees were sprayed in February 1993 with single applications of 0% , 2.5%, 5.0%, 10.0%, or15% degummed soybean oil. Additional treatments of two applications of 2.5% or 5.0% oil were included each year. Both crude and degummed soybean oil treatments interfered with escape of respiratory CO2 from shoots and increased internal CO2 concentrations in shoots for up to 8 days compared to untreated trees. Respiration rates, relative to controls, were decreased for 8 days following treatment, indicating a feedback inhibition of respiration by the elevated CO 2. Thus, an internal controlled atmosphere condition was created. Ethylene evolution was elevated for 28 days after treatment. Flower bud development was delayed by treating trees with 5% crude or degummed soybean oil. Trees treated with 10% crude or degummed soybean oil bloomed 6 days later than untreated trees. Repeated sprays of one half concentration delayed bloom an additional four days in 1992, but < 1 day in 1993 compared to a single spray of the same total concentration. Application of soybean oil caused bud damage and reduced flower bud density (number of flower buds/cm branch length) at anthesis. In a trial comparing petroleum oil and degummed soybean oil, yields of trees treated with 6% or 9% soybean oil were 17% greater than the untreated trees and 29%more than petroleum treated trees. These results suggest that applying soybean oil delays date of peach bloom and may be used as a bloom thinner. A limiting factor for peach production is cold damage to fruit buds caused by late spring freezes. The use of dormant sprays of 2%-3% petroleum oil for insect control on fruit trees has been commonplace since the 1920s. Farrar and Kelley (1935) reported that applications of 8% petroleum oil resulted in a striking retarda- tion of early season apple bloom and foliage development. Call and Seeley (1989) reported that petroleum oil applied at the end of endodormancy delayed flower bud development, increased cold hardiness, and delayed peach bloom by 5 days. Deyton et al. ( 1992) reported that application of 6% to 12% petroleum oil delayed peach bloom but caused bud death at higher oil concentrations. Burroughs (1923) suggested that dormant oil sprays might retard bud development due to an accumulation of CO 2 or a deficiency of O 2 resulting from the envelopment of the bud with oil. More recently, Saltveit (1982) suggested that analyses of internal con- centrations of gases in plant material provides a measure of physiological activity. Deyton et al. (1992) found that application of petroleum oil at dormant stages elevated internal CO 2 concen- trations in shoots for 6 days and delayed bloom. Storage of fruit in an atmosphere high in CO 2 and low in O 2 (controlled atmosphere (CA) storage) has been shown to reduce fruit respiration (Smock, 1978). A similar atmosphere in the shoots could result from oil envelopment.

Applying Soybean Oil to Dormant Peach Trees Alters Internal Atmosphere, Reduces Respiration, Delays Bloom, and Thins Flower Buds