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Constant-pressure manometry, previously designed to study O 2 and CO 2 gas exchange in small pieces of tissue, cells, and organelles, was adapted to study bulky organs. According to this new procedure, a near-zero-volume Devaux chamber connects a manometer to the internal atmosphere volume (V G ) of a plant organ covered by a layer of epoxy, submerged in unstirred water, kept at constant temperature, and kept at the same V G pressure. Equations, based on CO 2 and O 2 solubility at equilibrium with V G , were used to follow O 2 consumption as a function of reduced internal O 2 pressure over time (for organs with V G < 0.1 (v/v) and respiratory quotient (RQ) of 0.7 to 1.3) to observe the transition between aerobiosis and anaerobiosis and to measure CO 2 evolution during the anaerobic phase. For those measurements, bulky- organ manometry performed consistently in tomato (V G = 6.41% (v/v)), sweetpotato (V G = 8.57% (v/v)), and potato (V G = 0.34% (v/v)). The results indicate that constant-volume manometry is sufficiently precise to detect differences in respiratory metabolism as a function of intercellular O 2 concentration in intact plant organs. Constant-volume manometry has been used to study the con- sumption and production of gases such as CO 2 , N 2 , and O 2 during fermentation, photosynthesis, nitrate reduction, and protein de- composition and to study some specific respiratory enzymes (Burk and Milner, 1932). The equipment used for constant-volume manometry is constructed of a manometer with a rigid removable jar placed inside a temperature-controlled bath with shaking, to allow rapid equilibrium between the gas and liquid phases. Ac- cording to this method, under constant temperature and volume, a change in the number of gas molecules can be followed by measuring pressure (Umbreit et al., 1972). Perkins (1943) de- scribed three main types of manometry equipment. The first was a constant-volume Warburg-Bancroft respirometer. The second was a differential respirometer in which the side of the manometer, which is usually open to the air, is connected to another closed jar to eliminate small errors caused by temperature and barometric changes during the assay. The third, used with the Warburg- Barcroft equipment, allows direct and differential manometric measurements. Several methods were developed to extract and evaluate the intercellular concentrations of different gaseous components such as CO 2 , ethylene, O 2 , and N 2 from bulky organs. The main principles used for the extraction techniques are the concentration

Adapting Constant-volume Manometry for Studying Gas Exchange by Bulky Plant Organs