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Effects of reduced osmotic potential on somatic embryos of celery (Apium graveolens L.) were studied in an attempt to understand and improve their tolerance to partial desiccation. Embryos responded similarly to appli- cation of high osmoticum (384 mOs/kg H2O vs. 190 mOs/kg H2O in the control), achieved either by manipulation of sucrose or polyethylene glycol concentrations (PEG). Treatments of high osmotic concentration applied during the last 2 days of the embryo production cycle increased embryo survival and conversion after partial desiccation. The most striking effect of the high osmotic concentrations was the 4-fold increase in proline, while a 2-fold increase was obtained with 1 µ M ABA alone. Application of high osmotica decreased reducing sugars, increased sucrose, but did not affect starch content of embryos; of these responses, only the change in sucrose was similar to that induced by ABA. Osmotic treatments did not affect total fatty acid content in the embryos compared to the 2-fold increase induced by ABA. Chemical name used: abscisic acid (ABA). During the last stage of seed development, embryos undergo a maturation process that includes a buildup of nutrient reserves, an arrest of tissue growth, the development of desiccation tol- erance, and, in many seeds, the induction of dormancy. ABA levels in developing seeds are temporally correlated with the onset of maturation and the prevention of precocious germina- tion (Quatrano, 1987). Similarly, ABA supplementation of so- matic embryo culture medium has been shown to prevent germination (Ammirato, 1983), increase desiccation tolerance (Kitto and Janick, 1985), and induce maturation events (Rim and Janick, 1990, 1991). potential induced by sucrose, PEG, or trehalose on tolerance to partial desiccation of celery cultured with or without ABA. Changes in metabolite content induced by sucrose and PEG were compared with those induced by ABA.

Changes in Tolerance to Partial Desiccation and in Metabolite Content of Celery Somatic Embryos Induced by Reduced Osmotic Potential