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Genetic transformation of the American cranberry, Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait., was accomplished using electric discharge particle acceleration. Plasmid DNA containing the genes GUS (β -glucuronidase), NPTII (neomycin phosphotransferase II), and BT (Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki crystal protein) was introduced into stem sections, derived from in vitro cultures, that had been induced to form adventitious buds. The stage of development of these adventitious buds was critical for efficient initial expression. After exposure to electric discharge particle acceleration, stem sections were cultured on a solid-phase bud-inducing medium containing 300 mg kanamycin/lit er. In addition, a thin overlay of 300 mg kanamycin/liter in water was added to inhibit growth of nontransformed cells. Within 7 weeks, green shoots emerged amidst kanamycin-inhibited tissue. No escape (nontransformed) shoots were recovered, and 90% of the transformed shoots were shown through PCR and Southern blot analysis to contain all three introduced genes. GUS expression varied markedly among various transformed plants. Preliminary bioassays for efficacy of the BT gene against the feeding of an economically important lepidopteran cranberry pest have shown no consistently effective control. Potential problems with the expression of the BT and GUS genes are discussed The American cranberry is a woody, low-growing perennial vine native to North America and found growing in temperate lowland marsh areas. The cranberry industry is important in the few states that have conditions conducive to its culture. Eco- nomically, cranberry is the most valuable fruit crop in both Wisconsin and Massachusetts. Despite improvements in cranberry cultural practices, includ- ing the use of integrated pest management (Roper and Planer, 1989; Wis. Agr. Stat. Serv., 1989), insect and weed pests still account for significant losses in yield, and control of these pests has been estimated to account for ≈ 45% of the grower's direct field costs. Substantial amounts of carbamate and organophos- phate insecticides are used throughout the growing season for insect control in cranberry marshes (Mahr et al., 1988). Genetic transformation technology is being applied to cran- berry with the goal of increasing productivity while reducing the potential environmental impacts of cranberry production in sensitive wetland areas. Successful transformation of other fruit crops, including strawberry (Fragaria × annanassa) (Nehra et al., 1990), apple (Mahs pumila Mill.) (James et al., 1989), Rubus spp.) (Graham et al., 1990), and orange (Citrus sinensis Osh.) (Kobayashi and Uchimiya, 1989), has been reported; however, we found no reports of the incorporation of an eco-

Gene Transfer Using Electric Discharge Particle Bombardment and Recovery of Transformed Cranberry Plants