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Experiments conducted in greenhouse and field environments investigated the acute and chronic phytotoxic effects of several household and commercially available and oils are recommended for the control of a variety of insect and mite pests. In addition, household soaps, detergents, and oils are popular with homeowners because of their availability, ease of use, and low cost (Butler and Henneberry, 1990). Examinations into the utility of soaps, detergents, and oils for vegetable insect pest control have been performed. Butler and Henneberry (1990) used cooking oil and soap mixtures to control whiteflies, aphids, and spider mites on an assortment of garden vegetables. Soaps, detergents, and oils have also been used for insect species which are considered difficult to control with traditional synthetic pesticides. Examples of this are control of sweetpotato whitefly (Bemesia tabaci Gennadius) and silverleaf whitefly (Bemisia argentifolii Bellows and Perring) in studies by Butler et al. (1993) and Larew and Locke (1990). More recently, Liu and Stansly (1995) and Vavrina et al. (1995) have reported control studies of whiteflies on tomato. Concerns about phytotoxicity have always surrounded soaps, detergents, and oils. Acute symptoms that are sometimes observed with the applications of these products may include: leaf burning, leaf spotting, leaf curling or other distortions, and partial to full defoliation of the treated plant. Vavrina (1992) and Butler et al. (1993) have observed such effects from these treatments on tomato. Far less common are studies that track more subtle effects on plant growth and development. These effects may not be as obvious as the symptoms described above, but may still affect plant growth, yield, and quality. A season-long study conducted by Vavrina et al. (1995) tracked the effects of repeated detergent applications on tomato plant yield. However, this study did not concurrently use commercially available insecticidal soaps or oils to see if similar phytotoxic effects were present with these treatments. Furthermore, the presence of large numbers of whiteflies on plants used in their study made it difficult to discern whether the yield effects observed were due directly to phytotoxicity, or involved insect-induced effects as well as chemical damage. This study has two primary objectives. First, to screen a wide variety of commonly recommended reduced-risk soaps, detergents, and oils applied to tomato (Lycoperiscum esculentum Mill.). In addition, the effect of these treatments on greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporarium (Westwood), was investigated. In the greenhouse experiments, the number of whiteflies observed was negatively correlated with phytotoxicity (i.e., higher phytotoxicity = fewer whiteflies). Ivory Clear detergent at two rates of application (0.5% or 2.0%) caused the greatest phytotoxicity to seedling tomato plants. Addition of vegetable oils to a 0.5% Ivory Clear detergent solution did not affect phytotoxicity to the plants. While commercially available insecticidal soap (M-Pede) and a neem seed extract (MargosanO) had little phytotoxicity, they provided only a slight reduction of whitefly populations. A field experiment conducted in the absence of insect pressure showed phytotoxic effects to tomato plants as a result of continued treatment with New Ivory detergent. Significantly lower yield from this treatment resulted from reduced flower and/or fruit production. None of the other compounds in the field experiment significantly affected the yield of tomato plants.

Effects of Application of Various Reduced-risk Pesticides to Tomato, with Notes on Control of Greenhouse Whitefly