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The United States pecan [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch] industry is based on about 10,107,170 trees (about 15% nonbearing) comprising about 492,137 acres (199,168 ha) of orchards (34% in Texas, 27% Georgia, and 17% Oklahoma) dispersed among about 19,900 farm operations (36% in Texas, 16% Georgia, and 7% Oklahoma) in 24 states. Fifty-six percent of this acreage is on farms with ≥100 acres (40.5 ha) of trees (i.e., 5% of total farms). An evaluation of production related changes over the last decade indicate fundamental changes occurring in the nature of the U. S. industry. These include a) movement toward agricultural industrialization as reflected by fewer small-farms and more large-farms; b) reduced percentage of young (i.e., nonbearing) trees in most major producing states; c) substantial decline in number of farms and acres in the southeastern region– historically the primary production area–yet substantial growth in the northern region of production; d) a national 3% increase in the number of pecan farms and 14% increase in acreage; and e) substantial demographic changes, such as the enhanced importance of the southwestern region including New Mexico with diminished importance of many southeastern states. States also drastically differ in degree of biennial bearing, as measured by the biennial bearing index (i.e., K = 0.04 – 0.73; where 0 = no production variation and 1 = maximum variation), average production efficiency of both orchards [Epa = 192 – 1,224 lb/acre (215 – 1,374 kg·ha–1)] and trees [Ept = 19 – 60 lb/tree (8.6 kg/tree)], variation in grower prices (CV = 18 – 36%), and relationship between price and national supply of pecan (r2 = 0.94 – 0.03). For the pecan industry as a whole, average price received for nutmeats is as closely associated with national supply of pecan nut-meats as that of almond and pistachio and is far better than that of walnut–pecan’s primary competitor. The supply of pecan meats on-hand at the beginning of the season, plus supply from the current season’s crop, plus the price of walnut meats accounts for 80% of price variation in average United States pecan meat price.

Production Unit Trends and Price Characteristics within the United States Pecan Industry