English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Global: Zendy Free Plan

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

The  Agaricus  genus represents the most popular edible mushroom in the world. Wheat straw often is used as the substrate for mushroom cultivation following pretreatment to degrade the lignocellulosic biomass in agricultural waste. In this study, we investigated the changes in bacterial and fungal microflora of wheat straw substrate during different phases of composting. We collected samples of the raw material (M1), phase I aerobic fermentation (F1, F2, F3), and phase II after-fermentation (AF1) for high-throughput 16S rRNA and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequencing to analyze the microbial diversity in the substrate during composting. Our data revealed that among the five stages, 365 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were shared, with  Firmicutes ,  Proteobacteria , and  Actinobacteria  being the predominant bacterial phyla. In addition,  Thermobispora ,  Thermopolyspora ,  Ruminiclostridium ,  Thermobacillus , and  Bacillus  were the predominant genera in F3 and AF1, with the species  Thermobispora bispora  and  Pseudoxanthomonas taiwanensis  being predominant in F2. Both principal component analysis (PCA) and nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) plots showed that the bacterial communities of five stages could be distinguished from each other based on their composting time. The Shannon and Simpson indexes of F2 were lower than M1 ( P  &lt; 0.05), and the clustering dendrogram showed that the bacterial communities in AF1 were similar to F3, with  Micromonosporaceae ,  Streptosporaceae ,  Thermomonosporaceae , and  Vulgatibacteraceae  representing the differential bacterial families by linear discriminant analysis with effect size (LEfSe) analysis. The analysis of fungal communities showed that 384 OTUs were common among the five stages, with 1054 and 454 OTUs unique to M1 and AF1, respectively.  Ascomycota  and  Basidiomycota  were the two predominant phyla in all stages, and  Chytridiomycota  was predominant in F2, F3, and AF1 stages. PCA and NMDS plots showed that the clusters of F2 and AF1 were more dispersed than the other stages. No differences were observed in alpha diversity between the stages, and samples of F1, F2, and F3 were closer to AF1 in the clustering dendrogram. By LEfSe analysis,  Mycothermus thermophilus ,  Gonapodya polymorpha , and  Phaeophleospora_eugeniae  were identified as the predominant fungal species in AF1.

Diversity of Bacterial and Fungal Communities in Wheat Straw Compost for Agaricus bisporus Cultivation