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P aeonia  delavayi  is a species endemic to Southwest China and an important genetic resource for flower color breeding of tree peonies. The mechanisms underlying the flower coloration of this plant have not been fully elucidated. In this article, the petals of yellow-colored individual (Pl) and purple–red-colored individual (Pd) of  P. delavayi  were studied. And anatomical observations revealed that a large amount of yellow protoplasts and a small amount of colorless protoplasts were located in the yellow-colored Pl petals, whereas a mixture of purple, red, and pink protoplasts were observed in the purple–red-colored Pd petals. The Pl cells were subrotund and flat, whereas the Pd cells were irregularly polygon-shaped and bulging. Chemical analyses were performed, and the results indicated that significant differences occurred between the cell sap pH of the Pl and Pd flowers and large differences occurred in the contents of Fe and Al between Pl and Pd. Cyanidin- and peonidin-based anthocyanins with flavones and flavonols as copigments determined the Pd flower color, whereas chalcone 2 ′G with apigenin 7- O -neohesperidoside and chrysoeriol 7- O -glucoside as copigments determined the yellow color of Pl. Correspondingly, the genes dihydroflavonol 4-reductase ( DFR ) and anthocyanidin synthase ( ANS ) were significantly highly expressed in Pd, whereas chalcone isomerase ( CHI ), flavanone 3-hydroxylase ( F3H ), flavone synthase ( FNS ), flavonol synthase ( FLS ), flavonoid 7- O -glycosyltransferase ( 7GT ), and 2′4′6′4-tetrahydroxychalcone 2′-glucosyltransferase ( THC ) had high transcript levels in Pl relative to Pd. The results indicate that the color variation of  P. delavayi  petals may be related to a delicately controlled balance of the aforementioned factors.

Morphological and Biochemical Studies of the Yellow and Purple–red Petal Pigmentation in Paeonia delavayi