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The establishment of large hybrid populations is the key basis to breeding new cultivars and genetic research, such as molecular mapping. However, it is extremely difficult to generate hybrid progeny using conventional artificial hybridization in Chinese jujube (Chinese date) ( Ziziphus jujuba  Mill.) because of its low fruit set of ≈0.01%. The objective of this study was to create large hybrid populations in Chinese jujube using bona fide male-sterile germplasm as the female parent. Two male-sterile varieties that lacked viable pollen (JMS1 and JMS2) previously discovered by our research group and three male-fertile genotypes (‘Xing16’, ‘Jiao5’, and ‘Wuhefeng’) were used as female and male parents, respectively. Bee-aided controlled hybridization of five combinations was conducted from 2014 to 2016. The results indicated that both JMS1 and JMS2 were stable male-sterile germplasm across the years examined. JMS2 showed more effective compatibility with the male parents tested than JMS1. A total of 7681 fruits were obtained from the five cross combinations, and 3120 of them contained seeds. The mean rate of the fruit with seed varied from 32.62% to 64.21%, and the highest rate (73.38%) was obtained from the cross of JMS2 × ‘Xing16’ in 2016. A total of 831 seedlings were obtained and consisted of 602 from JMS2 × ‘Xing16’, 221 from JMS2 × ‘Jiao5’, two from JMS1 × ‘Xing16’, five from JMS1 × ‘Wuhefeng’, and one from JMS2 × ‘Wuhefeng’. The 118 randomly selected progeny seedlings, including 96 from JMS2 × ‘Xing16’ and 22 from JMS2 × ‘Jiao5’, respectively, were identified to be authentic hybrids using SSR markers. Thus, JMS2 is a promising male-sterile female parent that possesses a good cross-compatibility and is free from the need for emasculation, embryo rescue, and hybrid identification. The largest hybrid population of 602 progeny was obtained in Chinese jujube using controlled hybridization. This study demonstrated the feasibility of a highly efficient crossbreeding approach using male-sterile germplasm as the female parent in Chinese jujube.

Creation of Large Hybrid Populations Using Male-sterile Germplasm as the Female Parent in Jujube