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Dendrobium  ‘Earsakul’ is an important commercial orchid in Thailand. Breeding new  Dendrobium  varieties for improved quality and yield is crucial. The objectives of this research were to perform in vitro mutagenesis of  Dendrobium  ‘Earsakul’ protocorm-like bodies (PLBs) using sodium azide (NaN 3 ) and to select and evaluate the putative mutants using morphological characters, molecular markers, and the cytological method. The percentages of mortality of PLBs increased as concentrations of NaN 3  increased. At 2 weeks, the lethal dose 30 (LD 30 ) and LD 50  were obtained with 0.1 and 0.5 m m  NaN 3 , respectively. These two NaN 3  concentrations were used for in vitro mutagenesis with reverse osmosis water (ROW; control 1) and 0 m m  NaN 3  (control 2) as controls. After the plants were cultured for 6 months, morphological differentiation was observed in some putative mutants: reduced height, higher numbers of nodes, reduced node length, shorter and thicker leaves, and shorter and fewer roots, compared with controls. When genetic profiles of 24 putative mutants were compared with controls, altered DNA profiles were found in 20 of 24 putative mutants (83.33%). Sixty-three polymorphic bands were produced from a total of 181 bands (34.81%) amplified by 10 polymorphic intersimple sequence repeat (ISSR) primers. When genetic diversity and relatedness, which were evaluated by ISSR analysis, and morphological characters were compared, the two markers were found to be uncorrelated. ISSR had a higher mutant differentiation capability than the morphological characters, indicating its higher efficiency. The chromosome numbers were similar in putative mutants and controls (2 n  = 2 x  = 24), suggesting that neither of the concentrations of NaN 3  had any effect on the chromosome numbers in this experiment. These results indicate that NaN 3  can be used effectively to mutagenize  Dendrobium  ‘Earsakul’ PLBs, and ISSR is a powerful tool for the identification of mutants. Chemical name: sodium azide (NaN 3 ); reverse osmosis water (ROW).

Mutation Induction of Dendrobium ‘Earsakul’ Using Sodium Azide