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Supplemental calcium application has been reported to alleviate the detrimental effect of NaCl-induced salinity on crop growth. Iso-molar solutions of NaCl and NaCl plus CaCl 2  were used to study the osmotic and ionic effects of salinity on leaf dry biomass production and nutraceutical quality of cardoon ( Cynara cardunculus  L. var.  altilis  DC) grown in a floating system. A basic nutrient solution (control; T1) was enriched with 15 m m  of NaCl + 10 m m  of CaCl 2  (T2), 30 m m  of NaCl (T3), 30 m m  of NaCl + 20 m m  of CaCl 2  (T4), or 60 m m  of NaCl (T5). NaCl at 60 m m  induced a 52% reduction of total leaf dry biomass compared with the control (T1); the iso-molar solution enriched with 20 m m  of CaCl 2  (T4) increased the total leaf dry biomass production in comparison with treatment containing NaCl at 60 m m  (T5). Moreover, at moderate salinity (T2 and T3), the partial replacement of NaCl with 10 m m  of CaCl 2  (T2) in treatment containing 30 m m  of NaCl did not help to reduce the adverse effect of NaCl on total leaf dry biomass production. Results of leaf mineral analysis demonstrated that the partial replacement of NaCl with CaCl 2  reduced the accumulation of sodium and the nutrient imbalance. Nutrient solutions enriched with CaCl 2  did not increase the accumulation of the osmoprotectant proline in leaves. Nutraceutical value of cardoon leaves was generally improved by saline treatments compared with the control. The regression analysis between phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity showed that total phenols and chlorogenic acid were the major determinants of antioxidant activity in cardoon leaf biomass. In conclusion, the partial replacement of NaCl with CaCl 2  improved the leaf dry biomass production of cardoon only at the highest salinity levels with a limited effect on nutraceutical quality of leaves.

Does CaCl2 Play a Role in Improving Biomass Yield and Quality of Cardoon Grown in a Floating System under Saline Conditions?