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Lantana camara L. (Verbenaceae) is native to the West Indies (Sanders, 2001) and was introduced to most tropical regions by 1900 (Howard, 1969). Plants of this species produce showy flowers year-round, attract numerous species of butterflies (Schemske, 1976), tolerate harsh environmental conditions (Schoellhorn, 2004), have low maintenance requirements, and are easy to propagate (Beaulieu, 2008; Grant and Parsons, 1989; Howard, 1969). These attributes make L. camara highly desirable for use in containers, hanging baskets, and landscapes (Beaulieu, 2008; Grant and Parsons, 1989; Schoellhorn, 2004). Lantana camara is widely available commercially, especially in the southern United States. For example, a 2003 survey of the Florida nursery industry, which consisted of more than 5000 nurseries, indicated that 19.0% of the responding nurseries grew L. camara and that the annual sales value in Florida was over $40 million (Wirth et al., 2004). The majority of the Lantana spp. plants in commercial production belong to L. camara. However, this species has escaped cultivation through seed dispersal and has hybridized (as a pollen donor) with Lantana depressa Small, a now endangered species native to Florida [Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council (FLEPPC), 2011; Hammer, 2004; Langeland et al., 2008; Sanders, 1987]. Consequently, L. camara has been listed as a Category I invasive species for south and central Florida (FLEPPC, 2011). The invasiveness of L. camara has been evaluated by the Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Assessment of Non-Native Plants in Florida’s Natural Areas and its conclusion was that L. camara is not recommended for commercial production or landscape use in south and central Florida (). The assessment was primarily based on data collected from or observations on the ‘‘wild-type’’ (naturalized) L. camara. A research program was initiated in 2004 at the University of Florida’s Gulf Coast Research and Education Center (UF/GCREC) to develop new sterile L. camara cultivars. Initial efforts produced a number of highly sterile triploids from interploid crosses, but they had undesirable growth habits for ornamental uses (Z. Deng, unpublished data). To overcome this, existing tetraploid cultivars were identified from existing commercial sources and used in interploid crosses. Triploids produced from these crosses had desirable growth habits but produced more fruit (seed) than desired (Z. Deng, unpublished data). To improve the effectiveness and efficiency of genetic sterilization of L. camara, the male and female fertility of 26 L. camara cultivars was investigated (Czarnecki et al., 2008). The majority of the existing triploid commercial cultivars had pollen stainability below 10%, even as low as 1.8%. Thus, high levels of male sterility can be achieved in triploid L. camara. However, most existing triploid commercial cultivars produced as much fruit (or seed) as diploid or tetraploid cultivars (Czarnecki, 2011). Few of the existing commercial L. camara cultivars reached the high levels of male and female sterility desired. Therefore, there is a strong need for new sterile cultivars in L. camara (Wilson et al., 2012). Twenty-two crosses were made in 2006 and 2007 between seven L. camara tetraploids (three cultivars and four breeding lines developed at UF/GCREC) and five L. camara diploids (two cultivars and three breeding lines). These crosses resulted in the generation of 393 triploids. Over a period of 4 years, the triploids were subjected to multiple rounds of evaluations and selections in the greenhouse and in ground beds for plant growth habit, leaf and flower characteristics, and/or male and female sterility. These evaluations resulted in the selection of UF-T3 and UF-T4, two promising triploids as potential new releases. These two triploids were submitted to the UF/Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS) Invasive Plants Working Group for assessment of invasiveness by the IFAS Infraspecific Taxon Protocol (ITP) () of the IFAS Assessment of Non-native Plants in Florida’s Natural Areas (). The ITP concluded that UF-T3 and UF-T4 were not likely to be an invasive weed problem and that UF faculty and staff could recommend UF-T3 and UF-T4 for landscape use in north, central, and south Florida. Plants of UF-T3 and UF-T4 showed a mounding growth habit and performed and flowered better or comparable to existing commercial cultivars. Flowers of UF-T3 and UF-T4 are yellow/red and yellow/pink, respectively. These attributes should allow UF-T3 and UF-T4 to be desirable candidates to replace maleand female-fertile L. camara cultivars.

UF-T3 and UF-T4: Two Sterile Lantana camara Cultivars