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Flowering of  Aquilegia  is generally considered to require vernalization, while photoperiod has little or no effect. The cold treatment is most effective when plants have passed the juvenile stage (often 12 to 15 leaves) prior to vernalization. We performed experiments on a cultivar reported to have a reduced vernalization requirement. Seedlings of  Aquilegia  × hybrida  Sims `Origami Blue and White' in 128-cell plug trays with four or five leaves were either placed directly into a 5 °C cooler or transplanted to 13-cm containers. Plants were grown (bulked) for 0, 3, or 6 weeks at 20 °C under 9-h short days (SD) or 16-h long days (LD) provided by incandescent lamps at 1 to 3 μmol·m -2 ·s -1 . Plants had seven or eight leaves after 3 weeks bulking and 13 or 14 leaves after 6 weeks bulking. They were then cooled at 5 °C for 0, 5, or 10 weeks and placed in a common forcing environment of 20 °C under an LD provided by high-pressure sodium lamps.  Aquilegia  plants placed directly into the forcing environment flowered in 89 and 97 days in years 1 and 2, respectively. Flowering percentage of plants cooled in the plug tray decreased with increasing duration of cold treatment, and only 15% flowered after a 10-week cold treatment. All plants bulked for 3 or 6 weeks prior to cold treatment flowered, and in 26 to 35 days. Surprisingly, all plants that were moved directly from bulking treatments to the forcing environment (no cold treatment) flowered, and flowering was most rapid (36 days) in plants exposed to 6 weeks of SD before forcing. Therefore, our data indicate that SD can at least partially substitute for a cold treatment in this  Aquilegia  cultivar.

Short Days or Vernalization Promote Flowering in Aquilegia ×hybrida Sims `Origami Blue and White'