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Organic production of one of the most popular botanical supplements,  Echinacea , continues to expand in the U.S.  Echinacea  seeds typically show a high degree of dormancy that can be broken by ethephon or gibberellic acid (GA), but these methods are currently disallowed in organic production. In order to determine the efficacy of nonchemical seed treatments, we evaluated the effect of varying seed source and supplying light, with and without cold-moist stratification, on seed germination of the three most important medicinal species of  Echinacea ,  E. angustifolia  DC , E. purpurea  (L) Moench, and  E. pallida  (Nutt.) Nutt. Treatments included cold-moist stratification under 24 hours of light, 24 hours of dark, and 16/8 hours of light/dark to break seed dormancy. We found that germination was greater in the  E. purpurea  and  E. pallida  seeds from a commercial organic seed source compared to a public germplasm source. When seeds were not cold-moist stratified, 16 to 24 hours light increased germination in  E. angustifolia  only.  Echinacea angustifolia, E. purpurea , and  E. pallida  seeds that were cold-moist stratified under 16 to 24 hours of light for 4 weeks had a significantly greater percentage and rate of germination compared to seeds germinated in the dark. Therefore, cold-moist stratification under light conditions is recommended as a method to break seed dormancy and increase germination rates in organic production of  Echinacea .

hortscience

The Effect of Seed Source, Light during Germination, and Cold-moist Stratification on Seed Germination in Three Species of Echinacea for Organic Production