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The infl uence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) (two Peruvian mixed iso- lates, a pure isolate of Glomus intraradices) and the fl avonoid, formononetin, were tested on growth, yield, and leaf elemental concentration of the Peruvian potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) 'Yungay'. Plants started from tissue culture-produced prenuclear minitubers of 'Yun- gay' were subjected to seven treatments, which included noncolonized (non-AMF) plants fertilized with Long Ashton nutrient solution modifi ed to supply P at 11 and 44 µg·mL -1 . All AMF plants received low P (11 µg·mL -1 ) and were inoculated with either a sierra-maize mixed isolate, sierra-papa mixed isolate, pure isolate of G. intraradices, sierra-maize mixed isolate + formononetin, or a sierra-papa mixed isolate + formononetin. Plants were grown in 3-L containers under shade house conditions in Lima, Peru. Non-AMF plants at low P had the poorest growth, while high P plants had the greatest overall growth. All AMF plants had greater growth, including a higher root to shoot ratio, higher phosphorus use effi ciency ((g tuber)/(g P/kg tissue)), and a lower leaf to tuber ratio (indicating greater leaf effi ciency in producing tuber dry matter), compared to non-AMF plants at low P. The mycorrhizal inoculation effect (MIE) ranged from +44% to +57%, indicating that 'Yungay' was mod- erately to highly mycorrhizal dependent. Plants colonized with the sierra-papa isolate + formononetin had the same tuber development and leaf to tuber ratio, compared to high P, non-AMF plants. Formononetin increased extraradical hyphae formation. Mycorrhizal enhancement was in part due to greater P, Fe, and Mg uptake, a higher phosphorus-use effi ciency and greater extraradical hyphae formation. vegetable crops, i.e., its N, P, and K require- ments are respectively 100%, 100%, and 33% greater than that required for tomato or pepper plant production (Maynard and Hochmuth, 1997). Normal fertilizer applications are around 1000 kg·ha -1 of 10-30-10 (10N-12.9P-8.3K). Subsistence growers may not have access or be able to afford suitable organic or inorganic fertil- izers. Modern sustainable agriculture systems are increasingly using reduced fertility inputs. Hence, there are excellent opportunities to in- corporate arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) as biofertilizers to enhance crop productivity and reduce fertilizer inputs. AMF increase nutrient and water uptake, alleviate cultural and environmental stresses and enhance disease resistance and plant health (Bethlenfalvay and Linderman, 1992; Davies, et al., 1993, 1996; Pfl eger and Linderman, 1994). AMF can enhance productivity of potatoes (Gra- ham et al., 1976; Niemira et al., 1995). In part this may be due to enhanced nutrient uptake of potato plants, particularly P (Black and Tinker, 1977; McArther and Knowles, 1993), as well as enhanced disease resistance (Niemira et al., 1996). In Columbia, experiments show that a considerable amount of P fertilizer can be saved when potatoes are inoculated with effective AMF (Sieverding, 1991). The highlands of Peru and Bolivia are the center of origin and diversity of the cultivated potato. Potato is the main staple crop in the highlands and accounts for 63% gross value of all crop production (Devaux et al., 1997). Average potato yields are very low (from 5 to 8 t·ha -1

Influence of Arbuscular Mycorrhizae Indigenous to Peru and a Flavonoid on Growth, Yield, and Leaf Elemental Concentration of `Yungay' Potatoes