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Fresh manure is normally broadcasted on the soil surface in vegetable growing areas of Jordan as a source of nutrients and organic matter. However, it can be an envi- ronmental pollutant and may lead to the outbreak of many health-related pests, especially housefl ies. Field experiments were conducted in two locations to study the effect of in-row composting of four different fresh manures and olive pomace on preplant weed control in vegetables. In the fi rst experiment, main treatments were as follows. 1) Organic materials were applied preplant and then the soil was covered with black polyethylene (BPE) sheets for 6 weeks (M). 2) Treatments were the same as in (M) but the soil surface was covered by BPE mulch for the whole growing season (MP). 3) There was soil incorporation of organic materials preplant, but the soil surface was unmulched during the 6-week period and weeds were controlled chemically later in the season (MC). 4) For the control (C), fresh organic materials were soil incorporated manually at time of planting. Each main treatment included four subtreatments. Each subtreatment received a different source of organic material: cow, poultry, or sheep manure or olive pomace. In the second experiment, the rates of poultry manure (0, 5, and 10 kg·m -2 ) comprised the main treatments. Each treatment included four subtreatments in which the manure was soil-incorporated then subplots were covered by BPE sheets for either 0, 2, 4, or 6 weeks. The composting process in the main treatments M and MP raised soil temperatures signifi cantly at a 15-cm depth above soils without manure amendments. Soil temperatures were higher, especially with poultry manure, athough not signifi cantly different in all cases. Composting poultry manure was more effective in reduc- ing weed dry weights compared with other organic materials. Improved use of animal manures has a cen- tral role in efforts to decrease the undesirable environmental impacts of farming (Brown, 1995; University of California, 2001). Effi cient use of nutrients in organic amendments can reduce the need for applied mineral fertilizers. Composting of manure can also reduce weed seed viability (Bahman and Lesoing, 1999) and reduce other pests, such as plant diseases and fl ies (Brown, 1995). Many attempts have been made to adapt organic waste treatment technologies for managing animal manures. The treatments are normally designed to solve odor problems, recover nutrients and energy from manure, increase the fertilizer value, reduce the volume, or decrease the pollution potential to allow safe discharge of the manure in the environment (Hammill and Murphy, 1999). Manure management practices are strictly regulated and enforced in the devel- oped countries to minimize pollution problems (Hammill and Murphy, 1999). But management of surplus manure in the animal production sector is far from satisfactory in developing

In-row Preplant Manure Composting Reduces Weed Populations