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McIntosh∑ apples (Malus ×domestica Borkh.) display a rapid increase in ethylene production as they ripen, resulting in more preharvest drop and accelerated softening compared with other major cultivars. Economic considerations often dictate a choice between delaying harvest to achieve color development or harvesting earlier to avoid excessive fruit softening and drop. We have evaluated the effects of plant growth regula- tors (PGRs) and summer pruning on this balance. Treatments were applied to trees in the Mid-Hudson region in New York state in 1995 and 1996, and a subset of treatments was applied in the Champlain Valley region in 1996. NAA, applied at 10 mg·L-1 in 1995 and 20 mg·L-1 in 1996, reduced drop on only one sample date in only one of the three trials. Ethephon at 150 mg·L-1 plus 10 mg·L -1 NAA, accelerated ripening and permitted harvest before substantial drop occurred. However, earlier harvest resulted in smaller fruit size, and if ethephon-treated fruit were not picked within a narrow window, rapid drop ensued, and fruit developed a high senescent breakdown incidence during storage. ReTain, containing AVG, at 124 g·ha-1 a.i. delayed drop in all three trials, but its use resulted in firmer fruit after storage in only two of seven comparisons. Use of ethephon on AVG-treated trees enhanced red color but accelerated drop, although it was reduced less than when ethephon was used alone. Severe late summer pruning accelerated red color development, drop and ripening in both years of the study. AVG was more effective for management of 'McIntosh∑ harvest in the cooler Champlain Valley region than in the Mid-Hudson Valley region. Chemical names used: naphthalene acetic acid (NAA); 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (ethephon); aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG). the United States. The active ingredient of this product is AVG, an inhibitor of 1-ami- nocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase (Boller et al., 1979). Preharvest sprays of AVG were shown to inhibit ethylene production by fruit, delay ripening and reduce preharvest drop in several early studies (Bangerth, 1978; Bramlage et al., 1980; Williams, 1980). The commercialization of AVG for delaying drop has created considerable interest in the apple industry (Byers, 1997; Clarke et al., 1996; Greene, 1996). However, there is relatively little published information about efficacy of ReTain, especially in relation to interactions with other management techniques and plant growth regulators, or on storage quality. Our objectives were 1) to test the efficacy of AVG on delaying fruit maturation and reducing fruit drop of the Marshall 'McIntosh∑ strain; 2) to investigate the effectiveness of ethephon sprays to induce color in AVG-treated fruit; 3) to assess fruit quality effects following ap- plication of low rates of ethephon; and 4) to assess effects of late summer pruning, with and without AVG, on fruit ripening and pre- harvest drop. In addition to field studies, we also stored fruit of all treatments in refrigerated air storage both years and selected treatments under controlled atmosphere (CA) conditions in 1996, where fruit from different treatments were segregated to determine treatment effects on quality after storage.

Harvest Management of Marshall `McIntosh' Apples: Effects of AVG, NAA, Ethephon, and Summer Pruning on Preharvest Drop and Fruit Quality