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The incremental effects of adding plasticulture system components in  Echinacea  production were determined after one growing season.  E. purpurea ,  E. angustifolia , and  E. pallida , were grown in four cultural systems: flat ground, raised bed, raised bed with plastic mulch, and raised bed with plastic mulch and a polyethylene mini-tunnel. Trickle irrigation was used in all systems, with fertilizers injected monthly into the irrigation water. Plant spacing was 0.22 m in rows spaced 0.25 m apart, with 1.30 m between each set of three rows, giving a density of 75,758 plants/ha. In all systems, root dry weight was highest for  E. pallida , followed by  E. purpurea , then  E. angustifolia . Each system component increased the root dry weight, but the percent increase differed among species. The mean root dry weights from the flat ground system were 35.8, 17.1, and 12.0 g/plant for  E. pallida ,  E. purpurea , and  E. angustifolia , respectively; whereas from the system including all components they were 51.1, 27.2 and 21.7 g/plant, respectively. The leaf dry weight of  E. purpurea  also increased with each system component added, but the stem dry weight was reduced by the mini-tunnel. All species produced more flowers when grown on raised beds than when grown on flat ground. The effects of the plastic mulch and mini-tunnel on flower production differed among species.

Incremental Effects of Plasticulture System Components on the Growth and Yield of Three Echinacea Species