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The Cohesion Tension Theory, first in 1894 introduced by Dixon and Joly is the theory most often invoked to explain water movement in a transpiring plant. The pressure chamber technique has provided the strongest indirect evidence for this theory. However, controversy remains because 1) the necessary pressure gradients in xylem vessels have never been measured directly; 2) it is uncertain how continuous water columns under great tensions could persist in a metastable state for extended periods of time, and; 3) direct pressure probe measurements on individual xylem vessels have not been indicative of the extreme negative pressures obtained with the pressure chamber. Xylem fluid is an energy-limited resource containing the lowest available carbon (energy content = 2 to 15 J/cm3) of any plant tissue. However, many species of xylophagous leafhoppers subsist entirely on this dilute food source, despite the negative pressures thought to occur in xylem vessels. Carbon limitations of leafhoppers were underscored by 1) high feeding rates; 2) an unprecedented assimilation efficiency of organic compounds (i.e., &gt;99%); 3) ammonotelism, and; 4) synchronization of feeding to optimum host nutrient content both seasonally and diurnally. The maximum tension that can be generated by the cibarial pumping mechanism of an insect based on anatomy and biochemistry is about 0.3 to 0.6 MPa, far below the purported xylem tensions occurring during most daylight hours. By contrast, we have shown that feeding has been usually independent of xylem tensions, as measured with a pressure chamber, and instead was a function of the amide content of xylem fluid. Moreover, the calculated net energy gain of insect feeding (or that contained within insect biomass) on xylem fluid of a given composition under a given tension have also been an a paradox. Experiments will be described that provide insight into the energetics of xylem fluid extraction.

Cohesion Transport Theory of Water Movement in Plants: Some Anomalous Results Provided by Xylophagous Leafhoppers