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Over the past 50 years, the scientific structure of the satellite countries of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) and the Newly Independent States (NIS) followed the communist pattern of centralized control (Glenday, 1993). Policy decisions and research priorities were made at the top with little input from scientists or stakeholders. Because of the economic importance of the agriculture sector, agricultural research was often subject to a greater degree of centralized planning than theoretical fields of basic science. Agricultural research in CEE and the NIS was conducted within three main structures: the academies of science; research institutes affiliated with the ministries of agriculture; and, to a lesser degree, within agricultural universities. Academies of science were honorary organizations comprised of eminent scholars. The academies wielded influence and power within the scientific community because they managed large budgets. Much of the theoretically based agricultural research came under the purview of academy scientists. The agricultural research institutes were designed to serve the needs of large state farms and cooperatives through the improvement of production agriculture. The research focus of these institutes was in applied areas such as plant and animal breeding, engineering and machinery design, aquaculture, and forestry. With some exceptions, the role of the agricultural universities was vocational education. Students attending universities were not adequately trained in research methods and seldom participated in active research programs. Interaction between universities, research institutes, and academies was minimal. Duplication of research was common, and multi-disciplinary projects were rare. Though the current structure of agricultural science in CEE and the NIS continues to reflect that of the past, there have been some changes in recent years (Dragavtsev and Alexanian, 1993; Glenday, 1993; Jeffrey, 1994). First and foremost, funding for agricultural science at research institutes has been reduced dramatically. In the past, large communities—often up to 500 people—worked in field stations and agricultural research institutes. All of these people were paid by the

Scientific Cooperation between the United States and Central and Eastern Europe and the Newly Independent States