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The hypothesis that Al 3+  interferes with membrane biophysical properties has been tested. Plasma membrane expansion/contraction in protoplasts isolated from red beet was induced by decreasing or increasing the osmolarity of extracellular solutions. The percentage of Iysed protoplasts was measured to characterize the effects of Al 3+  on the ability of protoplasts to increase their plasma membrane surface area. In control solutions (800 mM sorbitol), 31.4% of protoplasts Iysed following osmotic dilution from 1200 mM. Al 3+  treatment (5 mM) decreased the proportion of Iysed protoplasts by 7.7% and Ca 2+  (5 mM) by 17% compared to control. Lanthanum (La 3+ ), however, proved to be the most efficient ion for protection against Iysis (3.3%). Under hypertonic solutions, Al 3+  treatment helped protoplasts maintain their roundness, diameter, and cross-sectional area compared to the control (1.5 M sorbitol), thus, altering the protoplasts “roundness” as determined by image analysis parameters. The results suggest that a decrease in the proportion of Iysed protoplasts in the presence of Al 3+  may be induced due to changes in membrane permeability to water.

Image Analysis Study of Aluminum Effects on Osmotic Behavior of Red Beet (Beta vulgaris L.) Protoplasts