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Frozen hydrated buds and epicarp of 'Golden Delicious' apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) were observed with a low-temperature, field emission scanning electron micro- scope (SEM). In addition to observing surface features of these specimens, holders were modified to observe fractured specimens. A modified hinged holder retained both halves of a fractured specimen for examination of the complementary faces of frozen hydrated tissues. Low-temperature SEM avoided artifacts, such as extraction, solubilization, and shrinkage, which are normally encountered with chemical fixation, dehydration, and drying, respectively. The technique allowed observations of well-preserve d frozen hy- drated structures, such as the platelets of epicuticular wax; loosely associated organisms on plant surfaces, such as spider-mite eggs; delicate structures, such as fungal hyphae; and partially hydrated tissues, such as fruit epicarp and winter bud scales.

Low-temperature Scanning Electron Microscopy of Frozen Hydrated Apple Tissues and Surface Organisms