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Pecan (Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) C. Koch) fruit were thinned from 'Mohawk' trees in Oklahoma and 'Giles' trees in Kansas with a mechanical trunk shaker. All trees bore an excessive crop load before shaking. Fruit thinning improved the kernel percent- age, individual nut weight, and kernel grade of 'Mohawk', but nut characteristics of 'Giles' were not affected by fruit thinning. Cold injury, caused by a sudden temperature drop in November, was positively related to the percentage of fruiting shoots in both cultivars. Fruit set in 1992 was negatively related to the percentage of fruiting shoots in 1991 in both cultivars. Consistent annual fruit set could be induced in 'Giles' by fruit thinning, but return fruit set in 'Mohawk', even at high levels of thinning, was low. Fruit thinning reduced yield the year of thinning in both cultivars. Thus, 'Mohawk' trees should be thinned so that 50% to 60% of shoots bearing fruit at mid-canopy height would remain, and 'Giles' trees should be thinned similarly to 65% to 70%. Erratic production is a major problem af- fecting the pecan industry. Pecans tend to alternate years of high production with one or more years of low production (Sparks, 1986). During high-production years, individual nut weight, kernel percentage, and kernel grade are diminished compared to low-production years. Crane et al. (1934) reported that kernel development was positively related to the num- ber of leaves per fruit and estimated that eight to 10 leaves per fruit were required for opti- mum kernel quality. Additionally, tree sus- ceptibility to subsequent cold damage is in- creased when the crop load is high (Reid et al., 1993; Smith and Cotten, 1985; Wood, 1986). Lack of return bloom has been associated with early defoliation (Hinrichs, 1962; Worley, 1979) and with the inhibitory effect of devel- oping fruit on return bloom (Malstrom and McMeans, 1982; Reid et al., 1993; Smith et al., 1986). Management practices that main- tain healthy foliage until fall frosts will not ensure adequate return bloom or fruit quality. Therefore, fruit thinning is essential to im- prove fruit quality and return bloom. Several scientists have tested various chemicals for selectively thinning pecan fruit (Amling and Dozier, 1965; Dodge, 1944; Hinrichs et al., 1971; Sharpe, 1955; Smith and

Mechanical Fruit Thinning Influences Fruit Quality, Yield, Return Fruit Set, and Cold Injury of Pecan