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Beginning in 1986 in Bonn, trees growing in 120 liter lysimeters spaced 2.0 × 3.4 m apart were trained to either “V” - or spindle-shaped canopies. During the 4th and 5th leaf half of the trees in each training form were covered with shade fabric to reduce insolation to 42% of overhead PAR. In the 4th leaf both canopy shapes produced 26 mt apples/ha (1470 trees/ha, basis) in full sun, and shading reduced yields by 23%. But the 5th leaf yields reached 54 and 39 mt/ha under full sun in the “V”- and spindle-shaped canopies, respectively; furthermore the “V”-shaped trees under shade fabric had 25% greater yield efficiency than the spindle in full sun whereas the spindle trees under the same shade had 41% less yield efficiency than those in full sun. These differences in yield could be partially explained by differences measured in the pattern of distribution of shoots, wood and fruit in the canopies caused by tree training. Training to the “V”-shape increased dry matter partitioning to fruit on the shaded trees at the expense of the stem fraction in contrast to the opposite effect on spindle trees.

EFFECT OF “V”- AND CONESHAPED CANOPIES ON VEGETATIVE AND REPRODUCTIVE GROWTH OF `GOLDEN DELICIOUS'/M. 9 APPLE.