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Table 1. Effect of seedcoat manipulation on embryo germination and plants recovered from seedless × seedless crosses. The development of in-ovulo culture techniques has allowed grape breeders to perform seedless × seedless hybridizations using stenospermocarpic female parents (Emershad and Ramming, 1984). This technique requires culturing intact ovules in vitro for several months and then excising the embryos from the ovule. The excision is carried out in aseptic conditions and is quite tedious. Many embryos are lost from wounds or other mishaps. Embryos can grow directly out of ruptured ovules (Gray et al., 1987) and from intact ovules (Spiegel-Roy et al., 1985). Methods that would reproduce the success of the techniques but eliminate complete embryo excision would streamline embryo rescue. We studied the effect of seedcoat manipulation on germination of stenospermocarpic grape embryos cultured in ovulo. Ovules from five controlled cross pollinations, including as parents ‘Saturn’ and ‘Venus’ and breeding selections A-1905, A1728, and A-1692 (Table 1) were cultured 8 weeks after bloom on a modified Murashige and Skoog (1962) medium as described in Gray et al. (1987). One of three culture regimes was administered to a group of ovules: 1) The procedure of Gray et al. (1987) involving culture of intact ovules on a solid medium for several weeks, followed by ex-

Effect of Seedcoat Manipulation on the Germination of Stenospermocarpic Grape Embryos Cultured in Ovulo