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Development of roots on M.26 apple shoots grown in vitro induced by  A. rhizogenes  was compared with that of roots induced by NAA. Shoots were inoculated with 4-day colonies of  A. rhizogenes  strain A4 and were sampled at 1, 2, 4, 8 weeks after inoculation. Roots formed on approximately 30% of inoculated shoots. Roots induced by  A. rhizogenes  typically were agravitropic and branching. The outer layer of cells on these roots, especially on older roots, often resembled callus and sloughed off easily when the plants were transferred. The internal structure of the roots did not differ between the two treatments. Roots induced by NAA always arose endogenously and clear connections to the vascular system of the shoots were apparent. Many roots induced by  A. rhizogenes  appeared to develop exogenously, arising from anomalous cellular proliferation in the cortex of the apple stems or in callus at the base of the stem. These roots also showed vascular connections to the shoot.

ANATOMICAL DEVELOPMENT OF ROOTS INDUCED BY AGROBACTERIUM RHIZOGENES ON APPLE SHOOTS GROWN IN VITRO