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: The concept of ecosystem services has been increasingly applied to ensure the benefits from ecosystems are incorporated into decision making. This idea supports sustainability goals by linking natural capital with financial capital. The concept of ecosystem services can assist the United States Department of Defense (DoD) in making natural resources decisions today for improved long-term outcomes. The concept also has strategic planning implications because the military s role continues to evolve along with international security concerns. This report summarizes the latest literature on ecosystem services in science and policy, to describe ways in which emerging applications of this concept may impact military planning and policy. The report s four sections provide an overview of the concept of ecosystem services and its recent adoption by major science and policy stakeholders; reviews of some recent applications of the con-cept; links of these applications to military activities; and recommendations and conclusions. The study concludes the DoD needs to (1) successfully engage with stakeholders on conservation issues; (2) use new tools and data sources in decision making; and (3) prepare for new regulatory requirements. The DoD should move forward with institutionalizing the concept of ecosystem services through ad-ditional research, engagement, training, and outreach.

Relevance of Emerging Ecosystem Service Science and Policy to the United States Department of Defense