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: Settlement is inversely related to bearing capacity in the design and analysis of shallow foundations on sand. The key variables in these relations are the relative density of the soil, the footing width, and the magnitude of the load. Relative density is the degree of compactness of a sand deposit relative to its fully compacted state, as measured by the void ratio. In general, the magnitude of a footing settlement is inversely proportional to the relative density of the sand on which it is founded. Relative density was described in terms of the SPT (Standard Penetration Test) blowcount by Terzaghi and Peck (1948). Gibbs and Holtz (1957) expanded on this relation using results from laboratory tests in work at the United States Bureau of Reclamation (USBR). They showed the relationship of the blowcount to the overburden pressure at which the SPT was performed.

Settlement of Shallow Footings on Sand: Report and User's Guide for Computer Program CSANDSET