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The objective of the research was to analyze the impacts of human actions, including deforestation, on water resources in small watersheds. A case study developed in the Santa Maria de Jetibá district, located in the mountains of the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil, aimed at assessing the local impacts of human actions on previously forested areas. This case study was performed analyzing and crossing basin information using GIS and water resources monitoring, comparing the pedological, geomorphological, climatic and water quality and quantity characteristics of forested basins that had suffered anthropic action. This allowed observations and conclusions about the consequences of removing native vegetation on the water resources in four watersheds. Water quality assessments showed the worst conditions in farming areas due to soil erosion, fertilization, irrigation and slash-and-burn. It was concluded that the magnitude of the impacts of farming activities on drained water quality depended on soil occupation and levels of use, forms of land management in the watershed, the existence of rural households and small-scale hog farming activities. Streamflows, types of soil and vegetation cover have proved to be important factors influencing water quality. It has been shown that parameters such as Dissolved Oxygen, pH and Temperature depend less than other parameters on anthropic activities in the rural watersheds studied. These parameters were most influenced by soil types and local climatic and topographic conditions. The effective protection of forests was observed using the Water Quality Index since the best results came from basins presenting greater vegetation cover and in a more advanced stage of regeneration. The more anthropised basins presented the lowest indices and more parameters in worse conditions. This confirms the protection provided by forests in mountain regions and the serious impacts of deforestation and human occupation on water resources in small watersheds. Key-words: watersheds; human activities; water quality.

Impactos de Ações Antrópicas em Bacias de Manancial Rurais de Montanha Sobre Parâmetros de Qualidade de Água