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All over the world the rural women participate in livestock management and are also involved in agricultural tasks. Women manage and care their animals in good way as compared with men. Women work more hardly in rural activities i.e. domestic, livestock and farming activities. Women have more importance as compared to men in livestock care and management. In the world, two-third of rural people and minority of sub-urban poor people depends on livestock for their livelihood. Approximately 35 million people are involved in livestock related activities (Holmaan et al., 2005). In Punjab, women spend most of the time in different activities such as processing of milk, making and collecting dung cake, cleaning of animals sheds, watering, bathing, making dung-pads and cleaning sheds and grazing animals (Nazli and Hamid, 2007). They also perform difficult tasks like fodder chopping, fodder cutting, rearing, marketing, milking and treatment of animals. Therefore, rural women are involved in almost all livestock-related activities. But, their involvement in livestock-sector is considered as part of their housework and their role in livestock-sector is always undervalued. In the Punjab province of Pakistan, a large number of women participate in livestock care and crop production (FAO, 2015; Arshad et al., 2013; IFAD, 2013; Afzal and Naqvi, 2004; Shivik, 2004; Govt. of Pak., 2002; UN Pak., 2014; Mumtaz, 2005; Taylor, 1985). Livestock, considered as ‘Black Gold of Pakistan’ is also considered as sub-sector of agricultural economy in Pakistan. In livestock care and management, gender roles between men and women are different (marketing system, transport, accommodation, sexual harassment and abuse). The experience of women and men are different: vulnerability and risks, value chains, policy, climate change, shocks, anima diseases, political ups and downs, family shocks, information accessibility, introduced new technology, income generation activities, introduce new programs: different trainings programs are introduced, specially community management, livestock management, production and care programs (IFAD, 2013; Nori, 2004; Afzal, 1998; Das, 1995; Campbell and Roe, 1998). The discussion reflects a great participation of women and their extensive role to manage livestock-related activities are always undervalued. Due to our social values and cultural system. Therefore, this study is designed with the objectives to study the extent of women’s involvement in livestock care and management, assess the implications of livestock related work for women’s social life and assess some policy measure for women’s empowerment in Punjabi society.

WOMEN’S INVOLVEMENT IN LIVESTOCK CARE AND MANAGEMENT: IMPLICATIONS FOR THEIR SOCIAL LIFE IN THE PUNJAB, PAKISTAN