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To control mosquitoes, several adulticides are applied as insecticide residual sprays (IRS), space sprayings, treated/impregnated materials (nets) (Vontas et al., 2012). Pyrethroids are the most important group of insecticides with main usage in household and public health insecticide products (Yap et al., 2000). Pyrethroids as adulticides are currently the single group of insecticides advocated for the impregnation of mosquito nets and residual sprays because of their high insecticidal strength and quick knock down effect along with their low mammalian toxicity and a comparative safety for human contact and domestic handling (Karunaratne et al., 2013; Hirata et al., 2014). Among all the control methods, indoor residual spraying (IRS) is one of the important method of vector control (Moosa-Kazemi et al., 2007) including spraying of insecticides on the walls of a home or community building (Kolaczinski et al., 2007). IRS consist of spraying on indoor surfaces like walls of room, warehouses, stables and shed with the insecticide that keep their efficiency in transmission period and kill or repel vectors (Moosa-Kazemi et al., 2007). IRS is helpful against the mosquito species that are hidden indoors which are termed as endophilic mosquitoes (Najera and Zaim, 2001); so that these can rest on the treated surface for an adequate amount of time to catch a lethal dose (Pates and Curtis, 2005). Indoor resting is quite frequent at higher elevation where there is a difference between indoor and outdoor temperatures (Pates and Curtis, 2005; Manguin, 2008; Tchuinkam et al., 2010). IRS is found to be more effective when outdoor temperature is low because mosquitoes spend most of the time indoors on treated surfaces (Paaijmans and Thomas, 2011). The threshold of bio-efficacy is 80% mortality or 95% knock-down in the exposed mosquitoes (WHO, 2013a). Residual efficacy of insecticides deposited on the wall is determined by cone bioassay but the quantification of insecticides cannot be determined by this method (Silver, 2008). The present World Health Organization (WHO) suggestion is to place filter papers on the walls earlier to spraying (WHO, 2006a). Dose, surface form and age of spray deposits determine the persistency of insecticides in the form of mortality (Giga and Jane, 1991). Effectiveness and residual life span of different compounds including pyrethroids depends upon the surfaces onto which they are applied (Rohani et al., 1997). Thus the present work was of significant importance as it focused on the knowledge of common mosquito species from different ecological zones of Punjab (Pakistan) formed as a result of dengue prevalence along with evaluation of efficacy of various adulticides currently being used in dengue control programs.

pakistan journal of agricultural sciences

COMPARATIVE EFFICACY OF PYRETHROIDS ON Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus AND Culex quinquefasciatus COLLECTED FROM DIFFERENT ECOLOGICAL ZONES OF PUNJAB, PAKISTAN