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The organic haze of aerosols that shrouds the Saturnian moon Titan haspreviously been studied by both observations and laboratory simulationexperiments. Here we report the abiotic formation of amino acid precursors incomplex organic molecules during experimental simulation of the environmentnear Titan's surface with proton irradiation. Pyrolysis of the organicmolecules formed in the simulated Titan atmosphere by proton irradiation at 600degree-C yielded compounds that contained HCN and NH3. These experimentalresults are consistent with the molecular information obtained by pyrolysis gaschromatography-mass spectrometry (pyrolysis GC-MS) of samples collected by theHuygens probe to Titan. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) andthree-dimensional atomic force microscopy (AFM) images of the irradiationproducts reveal nanometer-scale filaments and globules in complex amorphousstructures (approximately 1000 Da). Isotope probing experiments bymatrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry(MALDI-TOF-MS) show that oxygen atoms were incorporated into the racemic aminoacids by hydrolysis of 18O- labeled water. We suggest that the amino acidprecursors possibly formed after water hydrolysis, as suggested in a previousobservational study (C. A. Griffith, T. Owen, T. R. Geballe, J. Rayner, and P.Rannou, Science, 2003, 300, 628). We propose that cosmic rays are a significantand effective energy source for producing complex organics and amino acidprecursors in Titan's atmospheric haze.

analytical sciences

Amino acid precursors from a simulated lower atmosphere of Titan:  Experiments of cosmic ray energy source with 13 C- and 18 O-stable isotope  probing mass spectrometry