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This paper traces the development of nationalism in Wales during the 19th century, particularly focusing on the resurgent interest in Celtic traditions, literature, and language. Beginning with an overview of the state of Wales in the late 18th century, this paper addresses the connections between Romanticism and Wales, as well as the prominent role of antiquarians such as William Owen Hughes and Edward Williams. From there, the paper analyzes the relations between the English landowners and their Welsh workers, demonstrating how these class tensions spurred on nationalism through cultural, political, and religious non-conformity. Industrialization played a significant role in this development, especially with the rise of factories and mines in what was previously a nation dominated by agriculture. In the face of such drastic alterations to their lives, a Welsh national identity began to coalesce around the Celtic heritage of the people. Festivals began to be held in Welsh, Nonconformist religious revivals provided a democratic opportunity for civic participation, and the percentage of the population fluent in Welsh increased throughout the 19th century. Utilizing original texts and the writings of contemporary Welsh scholars, this paper provides an examination of the rise of nationalism in Wales and its foundation in its Celtic past, as well as an explanation as to why Welsh nationalism was far more egalitarian and progressive than what was experienced elsewhere in Europe during the 19th

The Cry of the Cymry: Celtic Nationalism as a Response to Industrialization and Class in Wales in the 19th Century