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The parasitoid wasp  parasitizes the aphid , which is obligatorily attended by several species of ants of genus . Subgenus  or  ants use different defense strategies to protect the aphids that they attend (, shelter building; , aggressive attack). We performed molecular phylogenetic analysis based on partial mitochondrial DNA sequences of  and found that the parasitoid wasp consists of two highly differentiated genetic lineages. Although these two lineages distributed sympatrically, one tends to parasitize aphids attended by ants of subgenus , and the other parasitizes aphids attended by ants of subgenus . The two lineages of  appear to exhibit different oviposition behaviors adapted to the different aphid-protection strategies of the two ant subgenera.

Cryptic Diversity in the Aphid-Parasitizing Wasp Protaphidius nawaii (Hymenoptera: Braconidae): Discovery of Two Attendant-Ant-Specific mtDNA Lineages