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We present an initial chronology for the newly drilled South Pole Ice Core (SPICEcore). Annual layers observed in the visual stratigraphy of the upper 735 m indicate a total ice age chronology of 10,235 ± 51 BP (years before 1950), with a total average accumulation rate of approximately 7.4 cm a−1 we. Comparing electrical conductivity measurement peaks in the core with known volcanic events observed in other Antarctic ice cores corroborates these estimates. This history shows accumulation trends, which could indicate past climatological or glaciological changes at the site. Specifically, one 1600-year interval between 6700 and 5100 years BP experienced a higher-than-average accumulation rate (~8.1 cm a−1 we) while one 700-year interval from 3100 to 2400 years BP experienced a lower-than-average accumulation rate (~6.4 cm a−1we). We used seasonal equivalent coarse-grained and depthhoar layers to identify the annual “picks” (noted as summers); and the stratigraphy in the core was generally uniform and well-preserved. We observed and documented over 1900 individual wind or iced crusts. We noted one visible tephra layer at a depth of 306.6 m in the core (~3560 years BP), which is likely tied to an eruption of Candlemas Island in the South Sandwich Islands. DISCLAIMER: The contents of this report are not to be used for advertising, publication, or promotional purposes. Citation of trade names does not constitute an official endorsement or approval of the use of such commercial products. All product names and trademarks cited are the property of their respective owners. The findings of this report are not to be construed as an official Department of the Army position unless so designated by other authorized documents. DESTROY THIS REPORT WHEN NO LONGER NEEDED. DO NOT RETURN IT TO THE ORIGINATOR. ERDC/CRREL TR-19-10 iii

Visual observations and stratigraphy of the South Pole Ice Core (SPICEcore) : a preliminary Holocene (~10.2 ka) accumulation record and depth-age chronology