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The focus of this study was to learn how nature integrates hard and soft materials at each length scale to form a layered composite that better resists delamination. This research provided a detailed description, using novel experiments, to explain how hard and soft materials have been mixed/integrated at each length scale, optimized by volume fractions, which affect the fish scales’ mechanical response due to external loading. The results from the study showed the following: 1. The combination of the hard (inorganic minerals) and soft (organic collagen fibers) are integrated instead of being glued at the nano scale. At the micron scale for the two-layered composite, the outer dental enamel (hard) layered interface uses a sawtooth-shaped joint to connect to the inner bone (hard open-like foam) layer. At the millimeter scale, the material and mechanical properties are gradually graded through the thickness away from the interface. 2. The outer hard layer has 90 percent hard (inorganic minerals) and 10 percent (collagen fibers) by volume. Whereas, the inner bone layer has 60 percent hard (inorganic minerals) and 40 percent (organic collagen fibers) by volume. The property variation seems to delocalize stresses, which increase delamination resistance at the interface. DISCLAIMER: The contents of this report are not to be used for advertising, publication, or promotional purposes. Citation of trade names does not constitute an official endorsement or approval of the use of such commercial products. All product names and trademarks cited are the property of their respective owners. The findings of this report are not to be construed as an official Department of the Army position unless so designated by other authorized documents. DESTROY THIS REPORT WHEN NO LONGER NEEDED. DO NOT RETURN IT TO THE ORIGINATOR. ERDC/GSL TR-19-20 iii

Investigation of the mechanisms for the delamination resistance found in bio-engineered composites found in nature : bi-layered exoskeleton fish scales