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Limited early evidence indicates thermal ablation of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) may induce alterations to the immune response that could enhance the efficacy of immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy. This study reports pilot data demonstrating increased programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression on tumour cells in response to bronchoscopic thermal vapour ablation. Five patients underwent bronchoscopic thermal vapour ablation under a treat-and-resect protocol, as part of a clinical safety and feasibility study, with lobectomy performed five days after thermal vapour ablation. PD-L1 (clone SP263) immunohistochemistry (IHC) tumour proportion score (TPS) was assessed on both baseline diagnostic biopsy specimens, and post-ablation resection specimens in five patients with stage I NSCLC. Two areas of the resection sample defined as viable tumour and injured tumour were examined. All tumours demonstrated 0% PD-L1 TPS at baseline. Three of five (60%) patients demonstrated an increase in PD-L1 TPS in areas of injured tumour to 20%, 30% and 50%. One patient demonstrated an increase in PD-L1 expression in an area of viable tumour to 5%. Changes in PD-L1 expression did not correlate with measures of systemic inflammation. Our findings comprise the first evidence that thermal ablation of NSCLC may induce PD-L1 expression. Further investigation is required to determine the extent of an adaptive immune response, and confirm the potential for augmentation of clinical response to immune check point inhibitor therapy in NSCLC.

Increase in tumour PD-L1 expression in non-small cell lung cancer following bronchoscopic thermal vapour ablation