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Thermoluminescence testing (TL) has for many years been a routine methodology for dating and verifying the authenticity of terracotta works of art. The assumption of TL is that a material absorbs energy during exposure to ionising radiation, which is then stored. The stored energy is released as visible light when the material is heated. This is due to the particular properties of natural dosimeters such as quartz mineral contained in ancient terracotta [1]. The crystal lattice of quartz (SiO2) often presents trace impurities (i.e. aluminium ions, alkali ions and hydroxyl groups) and maintains a large number of complex defect configurations (such as dislocations and vacancy clusters). The lattice imperfections act as electron trapping regions when these charge carriers are activated to move through the crystal following ionisation by alfa, beta and gamma rays existing in nature. When a material containing quartz is heated to temperatures up to 500– 600 °C, the binding between the imperfection and the electron may be upset, and the freed electron gives rise to photon emission during the return to its atomic site [1]. The heating of terracotta in a furnace resets TL accumulated by the quartz, and from this time on, TL begins increasing again until a new heating occurs. In the laboratory, the sample is reheated by a controlled heating process following a specific temperature rate (), and then the energy is released in the form of visible light (TL emission). The intensity of this photon emission (ITL) as a function of the temperature is plotted in a glow curve that represents the most important result of TL measurements [1], [2]. The decay rate for an initial population (n) of electrons in traps of a single activation energy (depth) using the Arrhenius equation according to the first-order Randall–Wilkins model [1] is

Modelling and simulations for signal loss evaluation during sampling phase for thermoluminescence authenticity tests